picos.glyphs¶

String templates used to print (algebraic) expressions.

PICOS internally uses this module to produce string representations for the algebraic expressions that you create. The function-like objects that are used to build such strings are called “glyphs” and are instanciated by this module following the singleton pattern. As a result, you can modify the glyph objects listed below to influence how PICOS will format future strings, for example to disable use of unicode symbols that your console does not suppport or to adapt PICOS’ output to the rest of your application.

Here’s an example of first swapping the entire character set to display expressions using only Latin-1 characters, and then modifying a single glyph to our liking:

>>> import picos
>>> X = picos.Problem().add_variable("X", (2,2), "symmetric")
>>> print(X >> 0)
X ≽ 0
>>> picos.glyphs.latin1()
>>> print(X >> 0)
X » 0
>>> picos.glyphs.psdge.template = "{} - {} is psd"
>>> print(X >> 0)
X - 0 is psd

Note that glyphs understand some algebraic rules such as operator precedence and associativity. This is possible because strings produced by glyphs remember how they were created.

>>> one_plus_two = picos.glyphs.add(1, 2)
>>> one_plus_two
'1 + 2'
>>> one_plus_two.glyph.template, one_plus_two.operands
('{} + {}', (1, 2))
>>> picos.glyphs.add(one_plus_two, 3)
'1 + 2 + 3'
>>> picos.glyphs.sub(0, one_plus_two)
'0 - (1 + 2)'

The positive semidefinite glyph above does not yet know how to properly handle arguments with respect to the - symbol involved, but we can modify it further:

>>> print(X + X >> X + X)
X + X - X + X is psd
>>> # Use the same operator binding strength as regular substraction.
>>> picos.glyphs.psdge.order = picos.glyphs.sub.order
>>> print(X + X >> X + X)
X + X - (X + X) is psd

You can reset all glyphs to their initial state as follows:

>>> picos.glyphs.default()

Classes

class picos.glyphs.Am(glyph)[source]¶

Bases: picos.glyphs.Op

A math atom glyph.

__init__(glyph)[source]¶

Construct an Am glyph.

Parameters: glyph (str) – The glyph’s format string template.

class picos.glyphs.Br(glyph)[source]¶

Bases: picos.glyphs.Op

A math operator glyph with enclosing brackets.

__init__(glyph)[source]¶

Construct a Br glyph.

Parameters: glyph (str) – The glyph’s format string template.

class picos.glyphs.Fn(glyph)[source]¶

Bases: picos.glyphs.Op

A math operator glyph in function form.

__init__(glyph)[source]¶

Construct a Fn glyph.

Parameters: glyph (str) – The glyph’s format string template.

class picos.glyphs.Gl(glyph)[source]¶

Bases: object

The basic “glyph”, an (algebraic) string formatting template.

Sublcasses are supposed to extend formatting routines, going beyond of what Python string formatting is capabale of. In particular, glyphs can be used to craft unambiguous algebraic expressions with the minimum amount of parenthesis.

__init__(glyph)[source]¶

Construct a glyph.

Parameters: glyph (str) – The glyph’s format string template.

rebuild()[source]¶

If the template was created using other glyphs, rebuild it.

Returns: True if the template has changed.

reset()[source]¶: Reset the glyph to its initial formatting template.

update(new)[source]¶: Change the glyph’s formatting template.

class picos.glyphs.GlStr(string, glyph, operands)[source]¶

Bases: str

A string created from a glyph.

It has an additional glyph field pointing to the glyph that created it, and a operands field containing the values used to create it.

__init__(string, glyph, operands)[source]¶: Augment the Python string with metadata on its origin.

static __new__(cls, string, glyph, operands)[source]¶: Create a regular Python string.

reglyphed(replace={})[source]¶

Returns a rebuilt version of the string using current glyphs.

Parameters: replace (dict) – Replace leaf-node (non GlStr) strings with new strings. This can be used, for instance, to change the names of varaibles.

glyph¶: The glyph used to create the string.

operands¶: The operands used to create the string.

class picos.glyphs.Op(glyph, order, assoc=False, closed=False)[source]¶

Bases: picos.glyphs.Gl

The basic math operator glyph.

__init__(glyph, order, assoc=False, closed=False)[source]¶

Construct a math operator glyph.

Parameters

glyph (str) – The glyph’s format string template.
order (int) – The operator’s position in the binding strength hierarchy. Operators with lower numbersbind more strongly.
assoc (bool) – If this is True, then the operator is associative, so that parenthesis are always omitted around operands with an equal outer operator. Otherwise, (1) parenthesis are used around the right hand side operand of a binary operation of same binding strength and (2) around all operands of non-binary operations of same binding strength.
closed (bool or list(bool)) – If True, the operator already encloses the operands in some sort of brackets, so that no additional parenthesis are needed. For glyphs where only some operands are enclosed, this can be specified per operand in the form of a list.

reset()[source]¶: Reset the glyph to its initial behavior.

update(new)[source]¶: Change the glyph’s behavior.

class picos.glyphs.OpStr(string, glyph, operands)[source]¶

Bases: picos.glyphs.GlStr

A string created from a math operator glyph.

class picos.glyphs.Rl(glyph)[source]¶

Bases: picos.glyphs.Op

A math relation glyph.

__init__(glyph)[source]¶

Construct a Rl glyph.

Parameters: glyph (str) – The glyph’s format string template.

class picos.glyphs.Tr(glyph)[source]¶

Bases: picos.glyphs.Op

A math glyph in superscript/trailer form.

__init__(glyph)[source]¶

Construct a Tr glyph.

Parameters: glyph (str) – The glyph’s format string template.

Functions

picos.glyphs.ascii()[source]¶: Let PICOS create future strings using only ASCII characters.

picos.glyphs.clever_add(left, right)[source]¶

Describe the addition of two values in a clever way.

A wrapper around add that resorts to sub if the second operand was created by neg or is a negative number (string). In both cases the second operand is adjusted accordingly.

Example

>>> from picos.glyphs import neg, add, clever_add, matrix
>>> add("x", neg("y"))
'x + -y'
>>> clever_add("x", neg("y"))
'x - y'
>>> add("X", matrix(neg("y")))
'X + [-y]'
>>> clever_add("X", matrix(neg("y")))
'X - [y]'
>>> clever_add("X", matrix(-1.5))
'X - [1.5]'

picos.glyphs.clever_div(left, right)[source]¶

Describe the division of one value by another in a clever way.

A wrapper around div that factors out identity factors.

picos.glyphs.clever_dotp(left, right, complexRHS, scalar=False)[source]¶

Describe an inner product in a clever way.

Parameters: complexRHS (bool) – Whether the right hand side is complex.

picos.glyphs.clever_mul(left, right)[source]¶

Describe the multiplocation of two values in a clever way.

A wrapper around mul that factors out identity factors.

picos.glyphs.clever_neg(value)[source]¶

Describe the negation of a value in a clever way.

A wrapper around neg that resorts to unnegating an already negated value.

Example

>>> from picos.glyphs import neg, clever_neg, matrix
>>> neg("x")
'-x'
>>> neg(neg("x"))
'-(-x)'
>>> clever_neg(neg("x"))
'x'
>>> neg(matrix(-1))
'-[-1]'
>>> clever_neg(matrix(-1))
'[1]'

picos.glyphs.clever_sub(left, right)[source]¶

Describe the substraction of a value from another in a clever way.

A wrapper around sub that resorts to add if the second operand was created by neg or is a negative number(string). In both cases the second operand is adjusted accordingly.

Example

>>> from picos.glyphs import neg, sub, clever_sub, matrix
>>> sub("x", neg("y"))
'x - -y'
>>> clever_sub("x", neg("y"))
'x + y'
>>> sub("X", matrix(neg("y")))
'X - [-y]'
>>> clever_sub("X", matrix(neg("y")))
'X + [y]'
>>> clever_sub("X", matrix(-1.5))
'X + [1.5]'

picos.glyphs.col_vectorize(*entries)[source]¶: Describe a column vector with the given symbolic entries.

picos.glyphs.default(rebuildDerivedGlyphs=True)¶: Let PICOS create future strings using only unicode characters.

picos.glyphs.free_var_name(string)[source]¶: Return a variable name not present in the given string.

picos.glyphs.from_glyph(string, theGlyph)[source]¶: Whether the given string was created by the given glyph.

picos.glyphs.is_negated(value)[source]¶: Check if a value can be unnegated by unnegate.

picos.glyphs.latin1(rebuildDerivedGlyphs=True)[source]¶: Let PICOS create future strings using only ISO 8859-1 characters.

picos.glyphs.make_function(*names)[source]¶

Create an ad-hoc composite function glyphs.

Example

>>> from picos.glyphs import make_function
>>> make_function("log", "sum", "exp")("x")
'log∘sum∘exp(x)'

picos.glyphs.matrix_cat(left, right, horizontal=True)[source]¶

Describe matrix concatenation in a clever way.

A wrapper around matrix, horicat and vertcat.

Example

>>> from picos.glyphs import matrix_cat
>>> Z = matrix_cat("X", "Y")
>>> Z
'[X, Y]'
>>> matrix_cat(Z, Z)
'[X, Y, X, Y]'
>>> matrix_cat(Z, Z, horizontal = False)
'[X, Y; X, Y]'

picos.glyphs.rebuild()[source]¶: Update glyphs that are based upon other glyphs.

picos.glyphs.row_vectorize(*entries)[source]¶: Describe a row vector with the given symbolic entries.

picos.glyphs.scalar(value)[source]¶

Format a scalar value.

This function mimics an operator glyph, but it returns a normal string (as opposed to an OpStr) for nonnegative numbers.

This is not realized as an atomic operator glyph to not increase the recursion depth of is_negated and unnegate unnecessarily.

Example

>>> from picos.glyphs import scalar
>>> str(1.0)
'1.0'
>>> scalar(1.0)
'1'

picos.glyphs.shape(theShape)[source]¶

Describe a matrix shape that can contain wildcards.

A wrapper around size that takes just one argument (the shape) that may contain wildcards which are printed as '?'.

picos.glyphs.show(*args)[source]¶

Show output from all glyphs.

Parameters: args (list(str)) – Strings to use as glyph operands.

picos.glyphs.unicode(rebuildDerivedGlyphs=True)[source]¶: Let PICOS create future strings using only unicode characters.

picos.glyphs.unnegate(value)[source]¶

Unnegate a value, usually a glyph-created string, in a sensible way.

Unnegates a operator glyph created string or other value in a sensible way, more precisely by recursing through a sequence of glyphs used to create the value and for which we can factor out negation, and negating the underlaying (numeric or string) value.

Raises: ValueError – When is_negated returns False.

Objects

picos.glyphs.CAN_FACTOR_OUT_NEGATION¶

Operator glyphs for which negation may be factored out.

Default value

(<picos.glyphs.Br object at 0x7fa9debde250>,
 <picos.glyphs.Fn object at 0x7fa9dd36e1c0>,
 <picos.glyphs.Fn object at 0x7fa9dd36e520>,
 <picos.glyphs.Fn object at 0x7fa9dd36e550>,
 <picos.glyphs.Fn object at 0x7fa9dd36e580>,
 <picos.glyphs.Fn object...

picos.glyphs.abs¶

Absolute value glyph.

Default value

<picos.glyphs.Br object at 0x7fa9debde7f0>

picos.glyphs.add¶

Addition glyph.

Default value

<picos.glyphs.Op object at 0x7fa9dc036490>

picos.glyphs.affpart¶

Affine part glyph.

Default value

<picos.glyphs.Fn object at 0x7fa9dd36eca0>

picos.glyphs.and_¶

Logical and glyph.

Default value

<picos.glyphs.Gl object at 0x7fa9debde880>

picos.glyphs.bcasted¶

Broadcasted glyph.

Default value

<picos.glyphs.Fn object at 0x7fa9dc036100>

picos.glyphs.blinpart¶

Bilinear part glyph.

Default value

<picos.glyphs.Fn object at 0x7fa9dd36eb80>

picos.glyphs.closure¶

Set closure glyph.

Default value

<picos.glyphs.Fn object at 0x7fa9debde3a0>

picos.glyphs.comma¶

Seperated by comma glyph.

Default value

<picos.glyphs.Gl object at 0x7fa9debde3d0>

picos.glyphs.compose¶

Function composition glyph.

Default value

<picos.glyphs.Gl object at 0x7fa9debde940>

picos.glyphs.compsep¶

Compact seperator glyph.

Default value

<picos.glyphs.Gl object at 0x7fa9debdea90>

picos.glyphs.conj¶

Complex conugate glyph.

Default value

<picos.glyphs.Fn object at 0x7fa9dd36e040>

picos.glyphs.cstpart¶

Constant part glyph.

Default value

<picos.glyphs.Fn object at 0x7fa9dd36ef70>

picos.glyphs.cubed¶

Cubed value glyph.

Default value

<picos.glyphs.Tr object at 0x7fa9dc036850>

picos.glyphs.desvec¶

Symmetric de-vectorization glyph.

Default value

<picos.glyphs.Fn object at 0x7fa9dd36e790>

picos.glyphs.det¶

Determinant glyph.

Default value

<picos.glyphs.Fn object at 0x7fa9dd36e310>

picos.glyphs.diag¶

Diagonal matrix glyph.

Default value

<picos.glyphs.Fn object at 0x7fa9dd36e580>

picos.glyphs.div¶

Division glyph.

Default value

<picos.glyphs.Op object at 0x7fa9dc036670>

picos.glyphs.dotp¶

Scalar product glyph.

Default value

<picos.glyphs.Br object at 0x7fa9debde6d0>

picos.glyphs.element¶

Set element glyph.

Default value

<picos.glyphs.Rl object at 0x7fa9dc036c70>

picos.glyphs.eq¶

Equality glyph.

Default value

<picos.glyphs.Rl object at 0x7fa9dc036d00>

picos.glyphs.exp¶

Exponentiation glyph.

Default value

<picos.glyphs.Fn object at 0x7fa9dd36e6a0>

picos.glyphs.exparg¶

Expected value glyph.

Default value

<picos.glyphs.Op object at 0x7fa9dc036430>

picos.glyphs.expected¶

Epected value glyph.

Default value

<picos.glyphs.Fn object at 0x7fa9dc036280>

picos.glyphs.forall¶

Universal quantification glyph.

Default value

<picos.glyphs.Gl object at 0x7fa9debded60>

picos.glyphs.fromto¶

Range glyph.

Default value

<picos.glyphs.Gl object at 0x7fa9debde790>

picos.glyphs.frozen¶

Frozen mutables glyph.

Default value

<picos.glyphs.Fn object at 0x7fa9dd36e100>

picos.glyphs.ge¶

Greater or equal glyph.

Default value

<picos.glyphs.Rl object at 0x7fa9dc036d60>

picos.glyphs.gt¶

Greater than glyph.

Default value

<picos.glyphs.Rl object at 0x7fa9dc036dc0>

picos.glyphs.hadamard¶

Hadamard product glyph.

Default value

<picos.glyphs.Op object at 0x7fa9dc036550>

picos.glyphs.horicat¶

Horizontal concatenation glyph.

Default value

<picos.glyphs.Op object at 0x7fa9dc036be0>

picos.glyphs.htransp¶

Matrix hermitian transposition glyph.

Default value

<picos.glyphs.Tr object at 0x7fa9dc036b20>

picos.glyphs.idmatrix¶

Identity matrix glyph.

Default value

<picos.glyphs.Am object at 0x7fa9debde490>

picos.glyphs.imag¶

Imaginary part glyph.

Default value

<picos.glyphs.Fn object at 0x7fa9dd36e640>

picos.glyphs.index¶

Index glyph.

Default value

<picos.glyphs.Tr object at 0x7fa9dc036b80>

picos.glyphs.infty¶

Infinity glyph.

Default value

<picos.glyphs.Am object at 0x7fa9debde970>

picos.glyphs.interval¶

Interval glyph.

Default value

<picos.glyphs.Gl object at 0x7fa9debde340>

picos.glyphs.intrange¶

Integer range glyph.

Default value

<picos.glyphs.Gl object at 0x7fa9debde1f0>

picos.glyphs.inverse¶

Matrix inverse glyph.

Default value

<picos.glyphs.Tr object at 0x7fa9dc036a00>

picos.glyphs.kron¶

Kronecker product glyph.

Default value

<picos.glyphs.Op object at 0x7fa9dc0365b0>

picos.glyphs.lambda_¶

Lambda symbol glyph.

Default value

<picos.glyphs.Am object at 0x7fa9debde820>

picos.glyphs.le¶

Lesser or equal glyph.

Default value

<picos.glyphs.Rl object at 0x7fa9dc036e20>

picos.glyphs.leadsto¶

Successorship glyph.

Default value

<picos.glyphs.Gl object at 0x7fa9debde8b0>

picos.glyphs.linpart¶

Linear part glyph.

Default value

<picos.glyphs.Fn object at 0x7fa9dd36ef10>

picos.glyphs.log¶

Logarithm glyph.

Default value

<picos.glyphs.Fn object at 0x7fa9dd36e8e0>

picos.glyphs.lt¶

Lesser than glyph.

Default value

<picos.glyphs.Rl object at 0x7fa9dc036e80>

picos.glyphs.maindiag¶

Main diagonal glyph.

Default value

<picos.glyphs.Fn object at 0x7fa9dd36e7f0>

picos.glyphs.matrix¶

Matrix glyph.

Default value

<picos.glyphs.Br object at 0x7fa9debde250>

picos.glyphs.max¶

Maximum glyph.

Default value

<picos.glyphs.Fn object at 0x7fa9dd36e850>

picos.glyphs.maxarg¶

The basic math operator glyph.

Default value

<picos.glyphs.Op object at 0x7fa9dc036fa0>

picos.glyphs.min¶

Minimum glyph.

Default value

<picos.glyphs.Fn object at 0x7fa9dd36e9a0>

picos.glyphs.minarg¶

The basic math operator glyph.

Default value

<picos.glyphs.Op object at 0x7fa9dc036fd0>

picos.glyphs.mul¶

Multiplication glyph.

Default value

<picos.glyphs.Op object at 0x7fa9dc036610>

picos.glyphs.ncnorm¶

Nuclear Norm glyph.

Default value

<picos.glyphs.Op object at 0x7fa9dd36e400>

picos.glyphs.ncstpart¶

Nonconstant part glyph.

Default value

<picos.glyphs.Fn object at 0x7fa9dd36ed30>

picos.glyphs.neg¶

Negation glyph.

Default value

<picos.glyphs.Op object at 0x7fa9dc0366d0>

picos.glyphs.norm¶

Norm glyph.

Default value

<picos.glyphs.Br object at 0x7fa9debde0a0>

picos.glyphs.or_¶

Logical or glyph.

Default value

<picos.glyphs.Gl object at 0x7fa9debdeb20>

picos.glyphs.parenth¶

Parenthesis glyph.

Default value

<picos.glyphs.Gl object at 0x7fa9debdef40>

picos.glyphs.plsmns¶

Plus/Minus glyph.

Default value

<picos.glyphs.Op object at 0x7fa9dc036760>

picos.glyphs.pnorm¶

p-Norm glyph.

Default value

<picos.glyphs.Op object at 0x7fa9dd36ed00>

picos.glyphs.power¶

Power glyph.

Default value

<picos.glyphs.Tr object at 0x7fa9dc0367c0>

picos.glyphs.pqnorm¶

pq-Norm glyph.

Default value

<picos.glyphs.Op object at 0x7fa9dd36ee20>

picos.glyphs.probdist¶

Probability distribution glyph.

Default value

<picos.glyphs.Fn object at 0x7fa9dc036220>

picos.glyphs.prod¶

Product glyph.

Default value

<picos.glyphs.Fn object at 0x7fa9dd36e730>

picos.glyphs.psdge¶

Lesser or equal w.r.t. the p.s.d. cone glyph.

Default value

<picos.glyphs.Rl object at 0x7fa9dc036ee0>

picos.glyphs.psdle¶

Greater or equal w.r.t. the p.s.d. cone glyph.

Default value

<picos.glyphs.Rl object at 0x7fa9dc036f40>

picos.glyphs.ptrace¶

Matrix p-Trace glyph.

Default value

<picos.glyphs.Op object at 0x7fa9dc0362e0>

picos.glyphs.ptrace_¶

Matrix partial trace glyph.

Default value

<picos.glyphs.Op object at 0x7fa9dc0363d0>

picos.glyphs.ptransp¶

Matrix partial transposition glyph.

Default value

<picos.glyphs.Tr object at 0x7fa9dc036ac0>

picos.glyphs.ptransp_¶

Matrix partial transposition glyph.

Default value

<picos.glyphs.Op object at 0x7fa9dc036370>

picos.glyphs.quadpart¶

Quadratic part glyph.

Default value

<picos.glyphs.Fn object at 0x7fa9dd36edc0>

picos.glyphs.real¶

Real part glyph.

Default value

<picos.glyphs.Fn object at 0x7fa9dd36eac0>

picos.glyphs.repr1¶

Representation glyph.

Default value

<picos.glyphs.Gl object at 0x7fa9debde070>

picos.glyphs.repr2¶

Long representation glyph.

Default value

<picos.glyphs.Gl object at 0x7fa9debdeee0>

picos.glyphs.reshaped¶

Column-major (Fortran) reshaped glyph.

Default value

<picos.glyphs.Fn object at 0x7fa9dc036040>

picos.glyphs.reshaprm¶

Row-major (C-order) reshaped glyph.

Default value

<picos.glyphs.Fn object at 0x7fa9dc0360a0>

picos.glyphs.sep¶

Seperator glyph.

Default value

<picos.glyphs.Gl object at 0x7fa9debde2e0>

picos.glyphs.set¶

Set glyph.

Default value

<picos.glyphs.Gl object at 0x7fa9debde310>

picos.glyphs.shortint¶

Shortened interval glyph.

Default value

<picos.glyphs.Gl object at 0x7fa9debdebb0>

picos.glyphs.shuffled¶

Matrix reshuffling glyph.

Default value

<picos.glyphs.Fn object at 0x7fa9dc0361c0>

picos.glyphs.size¶

Matrix size/shape glyph.

Default value

<picos.glyphs.Gl object at 0x7fa9debde400>

picos.glyphs.slice¶

Expression slicing glyph.

Default value

<picos.glyphs.Op object at 0x7fa9dc036310>

picos.glyphs.spnorm¶

Spectral Norm glyph.

Default value

<picos.glyphs.Op object at 0x7fa9dd36eeb0>

picos.glyphs.sqrt¶

Square root glyph.

Default value

<picos.glyphs.Fn object at 0x7fa9dc036160>

picos.glyphs.squared¶

Squared value glyph.

Default value

<picos.glyphs.Tr object at 0x7fa9dc0368e0>

picos.glyphs.sub¶

Substraction glyph.

Default value

<picos.glyphs.Op object at 0x7fa9dc0364f0>

picos.glyphs.sum¶

Summation glyph.

Default value

<picos.glyphs.Fn object at 0x7fa9dd36e1c0>

picos.glyphs.svec¶

Symmetric vectorization glyph.

Default value

<picos.glyphs.Fn object at 0x7fa9dd36e7c0>

picos.glyphs.trace¶

Matrix trace glyph.

Default value

<picos.glyphs.Fn object at 0x7fa9dd36e520>

picos.glyphs.transp¶

Matrix transposition glyph.

Default value

<picos.glyphs.Tr object at 0x7fa9dc036a60>

picos.glyphs.trilvec¶

Lower triangular vectorization glyph.

Default value

<picos.glyphs.Fn object at 0x7fa9dd36e5b0>

picos.glyphs.triuvec¶

Upper triangular vectorization glyph.

Default value

<picos.glyphs.Fn object at 0x7fa9dd36e490>

picos.glyphs.vec¶

Vectorization glyph.

Default value

<picos.glyphs.Fn object at 0x7fa9dd36e550>

picos.glyphs.vertcat¶

Vertical concatenation glyph.

Default value

<picos.glyphs.Op object at 0x7fa9dc036c10>

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